Use of antioxidants and time of cold storage: effects over viability parameters and enzymatic levels in semen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) / Uso de antioxidantes e tempo de armazenamento a frio: efeitos sobre parâmetros de viabilidade e níveis enzimáticos no sêmen da truta arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792)

The cold storage of milt implies potentials alterations in its quality because the storage generates as main process, free radicals that produce spermatozoa membrane lipids damage with the consequent motility and fertilising capacity disruptions. To decrease the damage generated by free radicals the cells have antioxidant defences (proteins, enzymes, and low molecular weight substances). The objective of the present study evaluated the time storage effect and different antioxidants prepared in spermatic diluents on sperm viability of O. mykiss milt stored at 4°C. The two-way ANOVA denoted that the time storage and antioxidant influence have significant effects separated or combined on viability parameters (sperm motility and viability, proteins concentrations and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma). In contrast, only the storage time affected the fertilising capacity and catalase enzymatic activity in seminal plasma. The resulting analysis can conclude that the antioxidant presence improves the viability of cold stored milt, especially the transport conditions and the antioxidants allow the fecundity despite motility decrease.

O armazenamento a frio de leite implica potenciais alterações em sua qualidade, pois gera como processo principal radicais livres que provocam danos aos lipídios da membrana dos espermatozoides, com as consequentes alterações na motilidade e na capacidade de fertilização. Para diminuir os danos causados pelos radicais livres, as células têm defesas antioxidantes (proteínas, enzimas e substâncias de baixo peso molecular). O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do tempo de armazenamento e diferentes antioxidantes preparados em diluentes espermáticos no armazenamento de viabilidade de O. mykiss milt a 4°C. A ANOVA de duas vias denotou que o armazenamento no tempo e a influência antioxidante têm efeitos significativos separados ou combinados nos parâmetros de viabilidade (motilidade espermática, viabilidade espermática, concentrações de proteínas e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase no plasma seminal), enquanto apenas o tempo de armazenamento afetou a capacidade de fertilização e atividade enzimática da catalase no plasma seminal. A análise resultante pode concluir que a presença de antioxidante melhora a viabilidade do leite frio, especialmente as condições de transporte, e os antioxidantes permitem a fecundidade apesar da diminuição da motilidade.

Processamento e conservação de enxertos de pele: uma abordagem com foco nos métodos de criopreservação, liofilização e glicerolização / Skin grafts processing and conservation: an approach focusing on cryopreservation, freeze-drying and glycerol conservation methods

Introdução: o uso de substitutos cutâneos para o tratamento de diversas feridas graves é uma forma eficiente de prevenir infecções e favorecer o processo de reepitelização. No entanto, tecidos biológicos estão suscetíveis a degradação e contaminação. Por isso, devem ser submetidos a rigorosos protocolos de processamento e testes que comprovem suas contribuições benéficas e segurança de aplicação. Objetivo: trazer uma abordagem sobre as principais características dos métodos de criopreservação, glicerolização e liofilização e sua consequencia nos aspectos imunológicos, microbiológicos e de viabilidade tecidual de enxertos de pele humana. Metodologia: foi realizada uma busca online utilizando as palavras chaves "criopreservação", "liofilização", "glicerolização", "enxertos", "processamento tecidual" e "engenharia dos tecidos" em múltiplas combinações nos bancos de dados PubMed, LILACS e ScienceDirect. Resultados: 200 artigos científicos foram obtidos, 26 excluídos por duplicidade, 92 selecionados para leitura integral a partir da leitura de seus resumos e 27 utilizados na construção desta revisão. A liofilização e a glicerolização são métodos semelhantes considerando a viabilidade tecidual. O uso de glicerol traz como principal desvantagem sua citotoxicidade quando comparado aos outros métodos. A criopreservação mantém os tecidos viáveis. Contudo, pode ser mais cara e trazer riscos de transmissão de microorganismos patogênicos. De modo geral, não é bem estabelecido quais os melhores métodos de conservação para uma adequada conservação da viabilidade dos enxertos de pele. Considerações Finais: os 3 métodos, liofilização, glicerolização e criopreservação, possuem aplicabilidade na conservação de enxertos. A falta de padronização na aplicação de enxertos apesar de sua frequente aplicação e a escassez de estudos recentes sobre o tema justificam o presente estudo.

Introduction: the use of skin substitutes for treatment of several wounds is an efficient way to prevent infections and allow the re-epithelialization process. However, biological tissues are susceptible to degradation and contamination. Therefore, they must undergo rigorous processing and testing protocols that prove their beneficial contributions and application security. Objective:to bring an approach on the main characteristics of cryopreservation, freeze-drying and glycerol conservation methods and their implications on immunological, microbiological and tissue viability aspects when applied to human skin grafts. Methodology:a mostly online search was performed using the keywords "cryopreservation", "freeze-drying", "glycerol conservation", "grafts", "tissue processing" and "tissue engineering" in multiple combinations in PubMed, LILACS and ScienceDirect databases. Results: 200 scientific articles were rescued, 26 excluded by duplicity, 92 selected for full reading from the reading of their abstracts and 27 used in the construction of this review. Freeze-drying and glycerol conservation are similar methods, with glycerol conservation having greater economic advantage. The use of glycerol presents cytotoxicity when compared to the other methods. Cryopreservation keeps tissues viable, however, is more expensive and carry risks of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Overall, there is a lack of clarity about the importance of viability in the performance of skin grafts. Final considerations: the 3 methods have applicability in graft conservation. The lack of standardization in graft application despite its frequent application and the scarcity of recent studies on the subject justify the present study.

Oocyte quality assessment in marine invertebrates: a novel approach by fluorescence spectroscopy

BACKGROUND: The assessment of oocyte quality is, nowadays, a major challenge in aquaculture, oocyte cryopreservation, and environmental science. Oocyte quality is a determining factor in fertilization and embryo development; however, there is still a lack of rapid and sensitive cellular markers for its assessment. Currently, its estimation is pre-dominantly based on morphological analysis, which is subjective and does not consistently reflect the developmental competence of the oocytes. Despite several recent studies investigating molecular markers related to oocyte quality, methods currently available for their determination pose various technical challenges and limitations. In this study, we developed a novel approach based on fluorescence spectroscopy to assess different intrinsic physiological parameters that can be employed to evaluate egg quality in marine invertebrates that are widely used as animal models such as sea urchins and mussels. RESULTS: Different physiological parameters, such as viability, mitochondrial activity, intracellular ROS levels, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, and intracellular pH, for egg quality evaluation have been successfully assessed in sea urchins and mussels by using specific fluorescent dyes and detecting the fluorescent signals in eggs through fluorescence spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we propose these physiological markers as useful predictors of egg quality in marine invertebrates; they can be estimated rapidly, selectively, and sensitively by employing this novel approach, which, due to the speed of analysis, the low cost, and easy use can be considered a powerful analytical tool for the egg quality assessment.

Diluente Tris suplementado com óleo de Mauritia flexuoxa sobre a qualidade do sêmen caprino após a criopreservação / Tris diluent supplemented with Mauritia flexuoxa oil on the quality of goat semen after cryopreservation

Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos, nos parâmetros espermáticos, na integridade mitocondrial, acrossomal e de membrana em células espermáticas, desencadeados pelo uso do Tris (Tris hidroximetil aminometano) suplementado com óleo de Mauritia flexuoxacomo diluente para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Quatro caprinos clinicamente saudáveis foram utilizados. Os animais eram alimentados diariamente com volumoso (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.), concentrado (ração peletizada com teor de 20% proteína, 300 g/animal/dia) e sal mineral específico para Caprinos (Caprinofós®), à vontade. Dois ensaios foram realizados: I ­ Teste de toxicidade; II ­ Criopreservação do sêmen com concentrações ideais. No teste de toxicidade as concentrações avaliadas foram: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de diluente a base de óleo de Mauritia flexuoxa. Após o teste de toxicidade, foi escolhido a concentraçãoque apresentou o melhor resultado (5%). Logo após, foram realizadas mais 32 coletas, que foram diluídas em Tris-gema-glicerol (grupo controle) ou diluente contendo óleo vegetal (Mauritia flexuoxa). As amostras foram criopreservadas com auxílio do aparelho Tk3000®. Após o período mínimo de uma semana as palhetas foram descongeladas em banho-maria a 37 °C por 30 segundos, acondicionadas em microtubos de centrifugação e homogeneizadas para a análise imediata de motilidade, vigor espermático e morfologia. Em seguida, por meio de sondas fluorescentes foram avaliadas a integridade de acrossomo, membrana plasmática (Diacetato de Carboxifluresceína e Iodeto de Propídeo) e função mitocondrial sob microscopia de epifluorescência. Quanto a motilidade e vigor, integridade mitocondrial e acrossomal, o grupo buriti foi inferior ao grupo controle. O Tris suplementado com óleo de Mauritia flexuoxa na concentração de 5% não influenciou significativamente a qualidade espermática, porém, observou-se morfologia e integridade de membrana favoráveis. Dessa forma, sendo uma alternativa para substituição de diluentes a base de produtos de origem animal.

The objective was to verify the effects, sperm parameters, mitochondrial, acrosomal and membrane integrity in sperm cells, triggered by the use of Tris (Tris hydroxymethyl aminomethane) supplemented with Mauritia flexuoxa oil as a diluent for cryopreservation of goat semen. Four goats clinically healthy were used. The animals were fed daily with bulky (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.), concentrate (pelleted feed with 20% protein content, 300 g / animal / day) and mineral salt Specific for Goats (Caprinofós®), ad libitum. Two tests were carried out: I - Toxicity test; II - Semen cryopreservation with ideal concentrations. In the toxicity test as selected were: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Mauritia flexuoxa oil-based diluent. After the toxicity test, the concentration that showed the best result (5%) was chosen. Soon after, a further 32 samples were obtained, which were diluted in Tris-glycerol (control group) or diluent containing vegetable oil (Mauritia flexuoxa). The samples were cryopreserved using the Tk3000® machine. After a minimum of one week, the samples were thawed in a 37 ° C water bath for 30 seconds, packed in centrifugation microtubes and homogenized for immediate analysis of motility, sperm vigor and morphology. Then, by means of fluorescent probes, the integrity of the acrosome, plasma membrane (Carboxyflurescein diacetate and Propidium Iodide) and mitochondrial function under epifluorescence microscopy were evaluated. As for motility and vigor, mitochondrial and acrosomal integrity, the buriti group was inferior to the control group. Tris supplemented with Mauritia flexuoxa oil at a concentration of 5% did not significantly influence sperm quality, however, favorable motility, morphology and membrane integrity were observed. Thus, being an alternative to replace diluents based on products of animal origin.

Comparação dos meios de preparação e preservação de membrana amniótica humana para uso no tratamento de doenças da superfície ocular / Comparison of the preparation and preservation techniques of amniotic membrane used in the treatment of ocular surface diseases

Resumo Atualmente a membra amniótica (MA) tem obtido importância devido à comprovada capacidade de reduzir inflamação, auxiliar a cicatrização e epitelização, possuindo propriedades antimicrobianas e antivirais, além de baixa imunogenicidade. As indicações de seu uso na oftalmologia têm aumentado muito nas duas últimas décadas. Objetivo: Descrever a estrutura básica e as propriedades biológicas da MA em relação aos componentes da sua matriz extracelular e fatores de crescimento, as consequências de diferentes técnicas empregadas na sua preservação e esterilização, métodos para remoção do epitélio e a comparação dos custos dos diferentes meios de conservação atualmente empregados. Métodos: Pesquisa nas bases de dados do Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Pubmed, Cochrane, Scielo e Lilacs com as palavras-chave: membrana amniótica, transplante, reconstrução da córnea, doenças da conjuntiva. Resultados: A literatura é vasta na descrição dos efeitos de diversos agentes e técnicas na preparação da MA, dentre elas sua preservação, esterilização e desepitelização. A membrana desnuda tem sido a escolha para a reconstrução da superfície ocular, pois facilita a cicatrização. Em relação aos agentes conservantes, o glicerol é o meio mais utilizado mundialmente pelo baixo custo e facilidade de manuseio. Conclusão: A comparação das diversas técnicas nos guia na elaboração de protocolos de preparo da MA para uso oftalmológico. A membrana desnuda facilita a cicatrização em relação a com células epiteliais. O glicerol é o meio de conservação mais utilizado pelo baixo custo e facilidade de manuseio.

Abstract Currently, the amniotic membrane (AM) has obtained importance due to its ability to reduce inflammation, helping in the healing and epithelialization processes, having antimicrobial and antiviral properties and low immunogenicity. Its indications in ophthalmology have increased considerably in the past two decades. Objective: To describe the basic structure and biological properties of the AM, the components of the extracellular matrix and growth factors, the consequences of different techniques used in its preservation, and sterilization methods for the epithelium removal. To compare the costs of the different preservation solutions currently employed. Study design: literature review. Methods: Research in BVS databases, PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo and Lilacs with keywords: amniotic membrane transplantation, corneal reconstruction, conjunctival diseases. Results: The literature is vast in describing the effects of different agents and techniques used in the preparation of MA, including its preservation, sterilization and desepithelization. The naked membrane is the choice to reconstruct the ocular surface, as it facilitates the healing course. Regarding the preservatives, glycerol is the most used worldwide due its low cost and easy handling. Conclusion: Comparing different techniques guides us in developing a MA preparation protocol for ophthalmic use. The naked membrane facilitates the healing process compared with the presence of epithelial cells. The glycerol is the most used preservation method because of its low cost and easy handling.

Vitrificación de ovocitos en pacientes oncológicas: experiencia en clínica ivi chile y revisión de la literatura / Vitrification of oocytes in oncological patients: experience in clinica ivi chile and review of literature

La sobrevida de pacientes con cáncer ha mejorado con el tiempo, especialmente en pacientes en edad fértil. La criopreservación de los ovocitos a través de la estimulación ovárica controlada (EOC) es la técnica más frecuente de preservación de la fertilidad. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar un análisis descriptivo de los ciclos de pacientes que, previo al tratamiento de cáncer, realizaron un tratamiento de preservación de fertilidad. Se analizaron datos demográficos como edad, diagnóstico de ingreso y resultados clínicos, tales como tipo de protocolo de estimulación utilizado, número de ovocitos obtenidos, duración de la estimulación y momento de inicio en el ciclo. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 28.9 años. La duración media de la estimulación fue de 12 días, con un promedio de ovocitos obtenidos en total de 12. Se utilizaron 2 protocolos de estimulación ovárica, obteniendo mejores resultados con el esquema de antagonistas de GnRH asociado a letrozole y doble gatillante. Respecto al momento del ciclo en que se inició la estimulación ovárica, no hubo diferencias. Conclusiones: Es posible realizar preservación de la fertilidad previo a un tratamiento oncológico con buenos resultados en pacientes jóvenes, por lo que sugerimos realizarlo en todos los pacientes con diagnóstico oncológico antes el tratamiento del cáncer. Es recomendable comenzar la estimulación ovárica en cualquier fase del ciclo ya que se obtienen los mismos resultados y permite un pronto inicio de la terapia oncológica.

Survival of patients with cancer has been improving over time, especially in young patient with fertility intention. Cryopreservation of oocytes through controlled ovarian stimulation (EOC) is the most frequent technique of fertility preservation. We analyzed the data obtained from oncological patients who attended IVI Chile between January 2008 and May 2017 in search of fertility preservation. Demographic data were obtained: age, diagnosis of admission, type of stimulation protocol used, number of oocytes obtained, duration of stimulation and pregnancy rate. Results: The average age: 28,9 years; average duration of stimulation:12 days. Number of oocytes obtained in total: 12. Two ovarian stimulation protocols were used. The one with the best results was the protocol with GnRH antagonists associated with letrozole and double triggering. Regarding the moment of the cycle where to start ovarian stimulation, there were no differences. Conclusions: It is possible to carry out a fertility preservation treatment prior to an oncological treatment with good results in young patients, so we suggest the preservation of fertility in all patients with an oncological diagnosis before oncological treatment. It is recommended to start ovarian stimulation at any phase of the cycle since the same results are obtained.

Criopreservação de células-tronco de origem dentária: uma revisão de literatura / Cryopreservation of stem cells of dental origin:a literature review

Introdução: Os tecidos dentários são uma fonte acessível de células--tronco mesenquimais que podem ser úteis para o tratamento de va-riadas doenças clínicas. Logo, o interesse e a necessidade de garantir uma forma eficaz de conservar as células-tronco de origem dentá-ria para aplicações futuras levou ao desenvolvimento de métodos de criopreservação, técnica pela qual são aplicadas baixas tempe raturas para cessar de maneira reversível e controlada as funções biológicas de células e tecidos vivos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da criopreservação de células-tronco de origem dentária, enfatizando características, princípios, protocolos existen-tes e efeitos desse método às propriedades biológicas dessas células. Metodologia: Este estudo constituiu numa revisão de literatura com base nas informações de 54 artigos científicos publicados no período entre 2005 e 2019 e consultados em bases de dados on-line (Pub-Med, SciELO e Google Acadêmico), com a utilização dos seguin-tes descritores: Criopreservação (Cryopreservation), Células-tronco dentárias (Dental stem cells) e Criopreservação dental (Dental cryo-preservation). Resultados: Verificou-se que as células-tronco de ori-gem dentária parecem manter suas características biológicas, como a taxa de viabilidade, proliferação celular e ampla capacidade de di-ferenciação mesmo após a criopreservação. Além disso, a criopre-servação magnética apresenta-se como um protocolo promissor para a conservação de células-tronco dentárias. Conclusão: A criopre-servação é uma técnica eficaz para o armazenamento a longo prazo de células-tronco derivadas de tecidos dentários. Entretanto, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados em busca do desenvolvimento de protocolos de criopreservação mais padronizados e seguros que não afetem as propriedades biológicas das células-tronco dentárias.

Introduction: Dental tissues are an accessible source of mesenchymal stem cells that can be useful for the treatment of various clinical diseases. Thus, the interest and the need to ensure an efficient way to preserve stem cells of dental origin for future applications led to the development of cryopreservation methods, a technique by which low temperatures are applied to reverse, in a reversible and controlled manner, biological functions of living cells and tissues. Objective: To perform a literature review about the cryopreservation of stem cells of dental origin, emphasizing characteristics, principles, existing protocols, and effects of this method on the biological properties of these cells. Methodology: This study consisted of a literature review based on information from 54 scientific articles published between 2005 and 2019 and consulted in online databases (PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar), using the following descriptors: Cryopreservation, Dental stem cells, and Dental cryopreservation. Results: Stem cells of dental origin seem to maintain their biological characteristics, such as viability rate, cell proliferation, and ample capacity for differentiation even after cryopreservation. Also, magnetic cryopreservation presents itself as a promising protocol for the conservation of dental stem cells. Conclusion: Cryopreservation is an effective technique for the long-term storage of stem cells derived from dental tissues. However, additional studies should be carried out to develop more standardized and safer cryopreservation protocols that do not affect the biological properties of dental stem cells.

Influência de diferentes sistemas e curvas de congelamento na congelabilidade e fertilidade do sêmen equino / Influence of systems and freezing curve in equine semen freezability and fertility

Avaliou-se o efeito de curvas de congelação nos parâmetros espermáticos e na fertilidade, usando sêmen de alta e baixa congelabilidade. Experimento 1 - utilizou-se sêmen de quatro garanhões resistentes à congelação: grupo 1, palhetas refrigeradas até 5°C e congeladas com curva de -8°C/min; grupos 2 e 3, palhetas refrigeradas até 5°C (0,5°C/min.) e congeladas com curvas de -20°C/min e -10°C/min, respectivamente. Experimentos 2 e 3 - utilizaram-se cinco garanhões (Mangalarga Marchador), respectivamente, de alta e baixa congelabilidade: grupo 4, a mesma metodologia descrita no grupo 1; grupos 5 e 6, palhetas refrigeradas até 5°C (0,5°C/min) e congeladas com curva de -20°C/min, entre 5°C e -60°C, e -10°C/min, entre -60°C e -100ºC (grupo 5), e -25°C/min, de 5°C até -100°C (grupo 6). O sêmen foi avaliado após descongelamento pelo método computadorizado. No experimento 1, não houve diferença nos parâmetros avaliados. No experimento 2, os parâmetros motilidade total (MT) e motilidade progressiva foram superiores aos do grupo 6 em relação ao grupo 4. No experimento 3, a MT foi superior no grupo 6 em relação ao grupo 4. As curvas de congelação mais rápidas apresentaram melhores parâmetros de cinética espermática, após a descongelação, para o sêmen de garanhões da raça Mangalarga Marchador.(AU)

The effect of freezing curves on sperm parameters and fertility, using resistant and sensitive semen to cryopreservation, was evaluated. In experiment 1, Semen from 4 stallions resistant to freezing was used: Group 1, straws were cooled to 5°C and frozen with a curve of - 8°C/min; Groups 2 and 3, straws were cooled to 5°C (0.5°C/min) and frozen with curves of - 20°C / min and - 10°C/min, respectively. In experiments 2 and 3, 5 stallions (Mangalarga Marchador) presenting respectively resistant and sensitive sperm to cryopreservation were used: Group 4, same methodology described for Group 1 was performed; Groups 5 and 6, straws were cooled to 5°C (0.5°C/min) and frozen with a curve of - 20°C/min. between 5°C and - 60°C and -10°C/min. between - 60°C and - 100°C (Group 5) and - 25°C/min. 5°C to - 100°C (Group 6). Thawed-semen was evaluated by the computerized method CASA. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in the evaluated parameters. In Experiment 2, total motility (MT) and progressive motility (PM) were higher in Group 6 compared to Group 4. In Experiment 3, TM was higher in Group 6 than Group 4. The faster freezing curves showed better parameters of sperm kinetics after thawing, for the Mangalarga Marchador stallion semen.(AU)

Captação e preservação de disco intervertebral humano em banco de tecidos / Capture and preservation of human intervertebral disc in a tissue bank

Doença degenerativa da coluna vertebral, sobretudo, o acometimento do disco intervertebral, é frequente na população mundial. O tratamento cirúrgico apresenta indicações precisas constituindo o padrão-ouro, a artrodese. Esta modalidade, entretanto, altera a mobilidade e a biomecânica do segmento funcional. A criopreservação de disco intervertebral em banco de tecidos e sua posterior utilização como substituto do disco degenerado objetivam manter a fisiologia local. Propor técnica cirúrgica de ressecção de bloco de coluna lombar e avaliar a possibilidade da manutenção das características histológicas dos discos intervertebrais submetidos ao congelamento com criopreservante. Foram obtidos espécimes de 6 doadores cadáveres humanos após avaliação e autorização de captação de tecido musculoesquelético de acordo com as normas do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes por meio da Portaria nº 2600 de 21 de outubro de 2009 do Ministério da Saúde. Após a realização de uma técnica de ressecção no bloco da coluna lombar, o material foi transportado para o banco de tecidos do Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Haddad em um recipiente específico com soro fisiológico 0,9% à temperatura de 4°C. Cada bloco de coluna lombar gerou, após o processamento do tecido realizado até 8 horas da captação, 3 discos intervertebrais. Dois discos foram armazenados em meio crioprotetor e congelados de forma gradual até -80°C. Cada disco foi descongelado no 7° e 15° dia, seccionados longitudinal e transversalmente e então, confeccionadas lâminas coradas com hematoxilina-eosina para análise histológica; Um disco controle, não-congelado, foi preservado em formol 10% e sofreu o mesmo processo de secção e preparo de lâminas, coloração. O estudo histológico das lâminas observou a presença ou não de alterações morfoestruturais (ânulo fibroso, núcleo pulposo) e celularidade, pontuada e classificada em muito alterada (0-3 pontos), moderadamente alterada (4-7 pontos) e inalterada (8-10 pontos). A técnica cirúrgica de ressecção en bloc da coluna vertebral foi reproduzida em todos os doadores cadáveres. A análise histológica revelou que poucas alterações foram observadas após 7 dias de congelamento do disco em meio criopreservante. Observamos que, embora tecnicamente demandante, a ressecção de bloco de coluna lombar é reprodutível. A preservação das propriedades do disco intervertebral por, no mínimo, 7 dias é possível e torna-se uma possibilidade de material para transplantação em futuras artroplastias biológicas

Degenerative disease of the vertebral column, especially the involvement of the intervertebral disc, is frequent in the world population. The surgical treatment presents precise indications constituting the gold standard, the arthrodesis. This modality, however, alters the mobility and biomechanics of the functional segment. The cryopreservation of intervertebral disk in a tissue bank and its posterior use as a substitute for the degenerate disc aim to maintain the local physiology. To propose surgical technique of lumbar spine block resection and to evaluate the possibility of maintaining the histological characteristics of the intervertebral discs submitted to the freezing with cryopreservant. Specimens of 6 human cadaveric donors were obtained after evaluation and authorization of the capture of musculo-skeletal tissue in accordance with the norms of the National System of Transplants through Ordinance No. 2600 of October 21, 2009 of the Ministry of Health. After performing a resection technique in the lumbar spine block, the material was transported to the tissue bank of Jamil Haddad National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics in a specific container with 0.9% saline solution at 4 ° C. Each lumbar spine block generated, after processing the tissue performed up to 8 hours of the capture, 3 intervertebral discs. Two discs were stored in cryopreservation and frozen gradually to -80 ° C. Each disc was thawed on day 7 and day 15, sectioned longitudinally and transversely, and then, blades stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histological analysis; One disc control, non-frozen, was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and underwent the same process of sectioning and preparation of blades staining. The histological study of the slides observed the presence or absence of morphostructural alterations (fibrous annulus, nucleus pulposus) and cellularity, scored and classified as highly altered (0-3 points), moderately altered (4-7 points) and unchanged (8-10 points). The surgical technique of en bloc resection of the spine was reproduced in all cadaveric donors. Histological analysis revealed that few changes were observed after 7 days of cryopreservant disk freezing. We observed that, although technically demanding, lumbar spine block resection is reproducible. The preservation of the intervertebral disc properties for at least 7 days is possible and becomes a possibility of material for transplantation in future biological arthroplasties

A new organ preservation solution for static cold storage of the liver. Amniotic fluid

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of amniotic fluid in liver preservation in organ transplantation, and compare it with standard preservation solutions. Methods: The groups consisted of Group 1: Ringer Lactate (RL) group, Group 2: HTK group, Group 3: UW group, Group 4: AF group. The livers of rats from Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 were perfused and placed into falcon tubes containing RL, HTK, UW, and AF solutions at +4‎°C, respectively. The tubes were stored for 12 hours in the refrigerator at +4°C. Tissue samples were taken at the 6th and 12th hours for histopathological examinations of the perfused livers, and storage solutions for biochemical analyzes at 6th and 12th hours. Results: AF was shown to maintain organ viability by reducing the number of cells undergoing apoptosis. Histopathological changes such as sinusoidal dilatation, hydropic degeneration, and focal necrosis were found to be similar to the groups in which the standard organ preservation solutions were used. Additionally, the results of INOS, IL-10, and TNF-α,which were evaluated immunohistochemically, have been shown to be similar to the UW and HTK groups. Conclusions: AF provided conservation similar to UW and HTK in the 12-hour liver SCS process. The fact that apoptosis values are comparable to standard preservation solutions supports the success of AF in the cold storage of the liver.

In vitro transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells isolated from human frozen-thawed testis tissue can induce spermatogenesis under 3-dimensional tissue culture conditions

BACKGROUND: Sperm production is one of the most complex biological processes in the body. In vitro production of sperm is one of the most important goals of researches in the field of male infertility treatment, which is very important in male cancer patients treated with gonadotoxic methods and drugs. In this study, we examine the progression of spermatogenesis after transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells under conditions of testicular tissue culture. RESULTS: Testicular tissue samples from azoospermic patients were obtained and then these were freeze-thawed. Spermatogonial stem cells were isolated by two enzymatic digestion steps and the identification of these cells was confirmed by detecting the PLZF protein. These cells, after being labeled with DiI, were transplanted in azoospermia adult mice model. The host testes were placed on agarose gel as tissue culture system. After 8 weeks, histomorphometric, immunohistochemical and molecular studies were performed. The results of histomorphometric studies showed that the mean number of spermatogonial cells, spermatocytes and spermatids in the experimental group was significantly more than the control group (without transplantation) (P < 0.05) and most of the cells responded positively to the detection of DiI. Immunohistochemical studies in host testes fragments in the experimental group express the PLZF, SCP3 and ACRBP proteins in spermatogonial cells, spermatocyte and spermatozoa, respectively, which confirmed the human nature of these cells. Also, in molecular studies of PLZF, Tekt1 and TP1, the results indicated that the genes were positive in the test group, while not in the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the slow freezing of SSCs can support the induction of spermatogenesis to produce haploid cells under the 3-dimensional testicular tissue culture.

Pellet Method of Semen Cryopreservation: Effect of Cryoprotectants, Semen Diluents and Chicken Lines

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and chicken lines during pellet method of semen cryopreservation. Three different experiments were conducted; Experiment 1 - semen was cryopreserved using dimethylformamide (DMF) at 6% and 9% concentrations in two semen diluents (Lake and Ravie diluent and TES/NaCl diluent), Experiment 2 - semen was cryopreserved using dimethylacetamide (DMA) at 6% and 9% with or without sucrose (100mM), Experiment 3- semen from two chicken lines (PD1 and PD6) was cryopreserved using DMA (6% and 9%). Semen was evaluated pre and post cryopreservation for progressive motility, live and abnormal sperm. Semen pellets were stored in cryovials for at least seven days before examination and insemination. Thawed semen was inseminated intravaginaly to study fertility. All the parameters studied were significantly lower (p<0.05) in cryopreserved semen. DMF in Lake and Ravie diluent gave very low fertility and TES/NaCl diluent no fertile eggs. DMA as cryoprotectant gave fertility up to 9.22 %. Addition of sucrose along with DMA produced fertility similar to other cryopreservation treatment groups. No difference in in vitro semen parameters between chicken lines was observed. There is difference in cryopreservation outcome due to semen diluent and type of cryoprotectant.

Cryopreservation of lymphocytes for immunological studies in horses / Criopreservação de linfócitos para estudos imunológicos em equinos

The use of frozen cells allows studies on diseases and other immunological assays, since it facilitates the logistics of collecting and transporting, including laboratories located in different cities or other countries. The objectives of this study were to verify if the storage in the refrigerator after collection at different times changes the viability of total leukocytes after months of freezing and the ratio of CD4/CD8 is affected by the freezing process. Venous blood of 15 healthy horses was used and the experiment was divided into 2 stages. In the first, the viability of the leukocytes before and after freezing was verified, as well as different storage times in the refrigerator (fresh blood, stored for 24 and 48 hours) before the freezing process. In the second part, the immunophenotyping of the T lymphocytes was performed, in order to observe if after thawing the relationship between LT CD4 and LT CD8 undergoes change. There was no difference between the amounts of viable leucocytes from frozen fresh blood compared to fresh blood before freezing, nor difference between the viability of blood left in the refrigerator (4°C) for 24 hours and fresh blood and fresh frozen blood. There was a decrease in viability of frozen leukocytes after 48 hours left in the freezer for other samples; however, the recovery was 107x cells. Regarding the immunophenotyping of CD2CD4+ and CD2CD8+ double-labeled T lymphocytes in the blood stored in the refrigerator for 24 hours before freezing, no difference was observed between before and after 6 months of freezing. It is concluded that cryopreservation of equine total leukocytes is possible and, although there was a difference between freezing times, even in the less viable sample, sufficient numbers of cells were recovered for other immunological assays.(AU)

A utilização de células congeladas possibilita estudos sobre doenças e outros ensaios imunológicos, pois facilita a logística de coleta e transporte, inclusive para laboratórios localizados em cidades diferentes ou outros países. Os objetivos desse estudo foram verificar se o armazenamento sobre refrigeração em diferentes tempos e a criopreservação alteram a viabilidade de leucócitos totais e se a relação entre LT CD4/CD8 é afetada pelo processo de congelamento. Utilizou-se sangue venoso de 15 cavalos hígidos e o experimento foi dividido em 2 etapas. Na primeira foi analisado se houve alteração na viabilidade dos leucócitos provenientes de amostras de sangue armazenadas em diferentes tempos em geladeira antes e depois de 6 meses de congelamento a -80°C. Na segunda parte, realizou-se a imunofenotipagem dos linfócitos T, com a finalidade de observar se após o descongelamento a relação entre LT CD4 e LT CD8 sofre alteração. Não houve diferença entre a quantidade de leucócitos viáveis da amostra de sangue fresco descongelado em relação ao sangue fresco antes do congelamento, nem diferença entre a viabilidade do sangue deixado em congelador (4°C) por 24 horas e do sangue fresco. Houve uma diminuição da viabilidade dos leucócitos, após o descongelamento de 6 meses (-80°C), das amostras de sangue deixado em geladeira por 48 horas antes do congelamento em relação às outras amostras, porém, a recuperação foi de células x107. Quanto à imunofenotipagem de linfócitos T com dupla marcação CD2CD4+ e CD2CD8+, no sangue armazenado em geladeira por 24 horas antes do congelamento, e não foi observada diferença entre antes ou depois de 6 meses de congelamento. Conclui-se que a criopreservação de leucócitos totais de equinos é possível e, embora tenha havido diferença entre os tempos de congelamento, mesmo na amostra menos viável, houve recuperação de uma quantidade de células suficientes para outros ensaios imunológicos.(AU)

Cryopreservation at -75 °C of Agaricus subrufescens on wheat grains with sucrose

Abstract Agaricus subrufescens is a basidiomycete which is studied because of its medicinal and gastronomic importance; however, less attention has been paid to its preservation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sucrose addition to substrate and cryotube on the viability of Agaricus subrufescens cryopreserved at -20 °C and at -75 °C for one and two years. Zero, 10% or 20% sucrose was added to potato dextrose agar or wheat grain. The mycelia were cryopreserved in the absence of cryoprotectant or with sucrose solutions at 15%, 30% or 45%. After one or two years at -75 °C or at -20 °C, mycelia were thawed and evaluated about viability, initial time of growth, colony diameter and genomic stability. Cryopreservation at -20 °C is not effective to keep mycelial viability of this fungus. Cryopreservation at -75 °C is effective when sucrose is used in substrates and/or cryotubes. Without sucrose, cryopreservation at -75 °C is effective only when wheat grains are used. Physiological characteristic as mycelial colony diameter is negatively affected when potato dextrose agar is used and unaffected when wheat grain is used after two-year cryopreservation at -75 °C. The fungus genome does not show alteration after two-year cryopreservation at -75 °C.

Long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes

Abstract Basidiomycetes have several biotechnological and industrial applications such as enzyme production, bioremediation, pharmaceutical and functional food production. Due to climatic features, the preservation of several basidiomycetes is threatened, and to guarantee the preservation of this genetic resource, the development of long-term preservation techniques is necessary once there is no universal protocol for the cryopreservation of basidiomycetes. Cryopreservation is a technique in which microorganisms are submitted to ultralow temperatures. Therefore, this study aimed to collect information on the main conditions for long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes in the last 20 years. Scientific articles on cryopreservation of basidiomycetes published from 1997 to 2016, were researched, and only the studies on two intervals of cryopreservation were considered: from 1 to 2 years and for longer than 2 years. The analyzed conditions of basidiomycete cryopreservation were: most studied genera, cryopreservation temperature, substrate, cryoprotectant (and preservation substrate), cryopreservation period, thawing temperature and cultivation medium after thawing, physiological and genetic stability of basidiomycetes after thawing in cryopreservation. In this review, the viability of the main cryopreservation conditions of basidiomycetes studied in the last 20 years are presented and discussed.

Use of alternative extender added of fructose aiming the cryopreservation of boar semen / Utilização de diluente alternativo acrescido de frutose visando à criopreservação de sêmen suíno

This study aimed to analyze skimmed milk powder (SMP) and fructose in a new cooling curve to freeze boar semen. A total of 49 semen samples from seven boars were cryopreserved using the new curve with addition of glucose and fructose to the refrigerating diluents: Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS + G; BTS + F) and Skimmed milk powder (SMP + G; SMP + F), totaling four experimental groups for analysis. To finish the curve, aliquots of semen were packaged in 0.5 ml straws and kept in liquid nitrogen. During the cooling curve, SMP mean spermatic vigor and motility were greater than the BTS (p < 0.05). After thawing, a decrease of spermatic force and motility in both extenders was observed, where the BTS presented spermatic vigor (2.1 ± 0.55) and motility (38 ± 21.8), presenting better results (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between sugars added to the BTS and SMP in spermatic force and motility (p > 0.05), although the use of fructose allowed an equalization of motility between the SMP and BTS (p > 0.05). Functionality of membrane was better preserved with the addition of fructose, in both extenders. The rate of sperm viability was significantly higher in extender containing glucose and SMP (71.8 ± 12.5). The percentage of intact acrosome was higher on the treatment containing glucose, independent of the extender (BTS + G: 81.8 ± 7.2, SMP + G: 81.4 ± 14.2). To conclude, the results suggest that the BTS is still the best option to cryopreserve and fructose could be used in boar semen cryopreservation in new cooling curve.(AU)

O presente trabalho analisou o emprego do leite em pó desnatado (LPD) adicionado de frutose em uma nova curva de resfriamento para criopreservação de sêmen suíno. Um total de 49 ejaculados, de sete varrões foram criopreservados utilizando a nova curva de resfriamento com glicose e frutose adicionada aos diluentes Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS + D; BTS + F) e Leite em pó desnatado (LPD + D; LPD + F), totalizando quatro grupos experimentais para análises. Ao final da curva, as alíquotas de sêmen foram envasadas em palhetas de 0,5 mL e mantidas em nitrogênio líquido. Durante a curva de resfriamento, a média de vigor e motilidade espermática do LPD foi maior do que do BTS (p < 0.05). Após descongelação, observou-se queda do vigor e motilidade em ambos diluentes, com o BTS apresentando melhores resultados de vigor (2,1 ± 0,55) e de motilidade (38 ± 21,8) (p < 0,05). Entretanto, o uso da frutose permitiu equiparação dos valores da motilidade entre LPD e BTS (p > 0,05). A funcionalidade de membrana foi melhor preservada com adição da frutose, em ambos os diluentes. Os dados de vitalidade espermática foram significativamente maiores no diluente contendo glicose e LPD (71,8 ± 12,5). A porcentagem de acrossomas intactos foi maior no tratamento que continha glicose, independentemente do diluente utilizado (BTS + G: 81,8 ± 7,2, SMP + G: 81,4 ± 14,2). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o BTS, ainda é a melhor opção de criopreservação e que a frutose pode ser utilizada para criopreservação de sêmen de varrão na nova curva de resfriamento.(AU)

Cryopreservation of banana's cv Grand Naine in vitro rhizomes

ABSTRACT The preservation of banana genetic material is usually performed through seedlings. However, most banana cultivars do not produce seed and are propagated vegetatively. Therefore, cryopreservation is a feasible technique that allows the preservation of banana genotypes indefinitely. For the success of cryopreservation protocols, the selection of cryoprotectants and pre-freezing techniques are important factor. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of different cryoprotectants with and without 1% phloroglucinol and pre-cooling periods on the development of a protocol for cryopreservation of in vitro rhizomes ofMusa accuminata(AAA) cv Grand Naine banana. The addition of 1% phloroglucinol to the cryoprotective solutions, such as PVS2 enhanced recovery of cryopreserved banana rhizomes. In addition, pre-cooling of explants in ice for 3 hours in PVS2 + 1% of phloroglucinol allowed efficient cryopreservation of banana rhizomes, followed by successful recovery and regeneration of in vitro shoots of banana cv Grand Naine.

The use of reduced glutathione (GSH) as antioxidant for cryopreserved sperm in dogs / O uso da glutationa reduzida (GSH) como antioxidante na criopreservação seminal em cães

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different concentrations of reduced glutathione GSH (0; 5; 7.5; 10mM) in the extender for cryopreservation in dogs with evaluations performed after glycerolization (chilled) and thawing (thawed). For this purpose, we used 8 dogs and two semen collections were performed in a weekly interval, totaling 16 semen samples. The sperm were analyzed by automatic sperm motility (CASA) and flow cytometry analysis of mitochondrial potential (JC1 dye) and membrane/acrosome integrity (FITC-PI dyes). We evaluated subjectively the membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and DNA integrity. Seminal plasma was evaluated for lipid peroxidation (TBARS concentration). Chilled and thawed samples supplemented with 7.5 and 10mM of GSH had lower percentage of sperm with high (DAB - Class I) and medium (DAB - Class II) mitochondrial activity. And 10mM of GSH had higher percentage of low mitochondrial activity (DAB - Class III). Moreover, thawed samples of 10mM of GSH had high DNA fragmentation rates. Probably by a reductive stress effect on mitochondria which lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species, and a mitochondrial malfunction.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes concentrações de glutationa reduzida (GSH - 0; 5; 7,5; 10mM) para criopreservação em cães com avaliações realizadas após glicerolização (refrigeração) e descongelação. Para tal, foram utilizados oito cães e foram realizadas duas coletas de sêmen em intervalo semanal, totalizando 16 amostras de sêmen. Foram avaliadas a motilidade espermática computadorizada (CASA) e a análise de citometria de fluxo do potencial mitocondrial (sonda JC-1) e integridade da membrana/acrossomal (sonda FITC-PI). Subjetivamente foi avaliada a integridade da membrana plasmática e do acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial e integridade do DNA. O plasma seminal foi avaliado quanto à peroxidação lipídica (concentração de TBARS). As amostras refrigeradas e descongeladas suplementadas com 7,5 e 10mM de GSH apresentaram menor porcentagem de espermatozoides com alta atividade mitocondrial (DAB - Classe I) e média (DAB - Classe II). Na concentração de 10mM de GSH, apresentaram maior porcentagem de baixa atividade mitocondrial (DAB - Classe III). Além disso, amostras descongeladas de 10mM de GSH apresentaram taxas de fragmentação de DNA elevadas, provavelmente por efeito de estresse redutivo sobre as mitocôndrias que elevam as espécies reativas de oxigênio e disfunção mitocondrial.(AU)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and Antipain preserve acrosome integrity of bovine spermatozoa during cryopreservation / Inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio 1 e antipaína preservam a integridade do acrossoma de espermatozoides bovinos durante a criopreservação

Seminal plasma contains serine proteases and serine protease inhibitor, which are involved in mammalian fertilization, and the inhibitors can be applied to prevent cold-induced sperm capacitation. The effects of different concentrations of two serine protease inhibitors were analyzed, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 - PAI-1 (70ƞg, 140ƞg and 210 ƞg) and Antipain (10µg, 50µg and 100µg) as supplementation to bovine semen cryopreservation extender. The effects of the inhibitors on the sperm parameters (sperm kinetics - CASA, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm defects and acrosome reaction rate) were evaluated in the post-thaw semen. Cryopreservation of sperm with Antipain decreased post-thaw kinetic parameters of MP, VSL, LIN, SRT and the percentage of hyper-activated sperm while PAI-1 (210 ƞg) decreased VSL and LIN. Antipain and PAI-1 had no effect on the integrity parameters of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane potential and sperm defects. Sperm cryopreserved in the presence of Antipain and PAI-1 (70 and 140 ƞg) preserved acrosome integrity, as they were able to complete the in vitro acrosome reaction. In conclusion, the serine protease inhibitors, Antipain and PAI-1 (70 and 140ƞg) are able to preserve the acrosome integrity of cryopreserved bovine sperm.(AU)

A criopreservação é parcialmente prejudicial à fertilidade do sêmen de bovinos e induz mudanças semelhantes à capacitação em espermatozoides. O plasma seminal contém serina-proteases e inibidores de serina-proteases que estão envolvidos na fertilização de mamíferos, e os inibidores podem ser aplicados para evitar uma capacitação espermática induzida pelo frio. Analisaram-se os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de dois inibidores de serina-proteases, inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio 1 - PAI-1 (70ƞg, 140ƞg e 210ƞg) e antipaína (10µg, 50µg e 100µg) na suplementação ao diluidor de criopreservação de sêmen bovino. Trinta e seis ejaculados de quatro bovinos Curraleiro Pé-Duro foram usados para criopreservação. Os efeitos dos inibidores sobre os parâmetros dos espermatozoides (cinética espermática - CASA, integridade acrossomal, integridade da membrana plasmática, potencial de membrana mitocondrial, defeitos espermáticos e taxa de reação acrossomal) foram avaliados no sêmen pós-descongelamento. A criopreservação de espermatozoides com antipaína diminuiu os parâmetros cinéticos pós-descongelamento de MP, VSL, LIN, SRT e a porcentagem de espermatozoides hiperativados, PAI-1 (210ƞg) diminuiu VSL e LIN. Antipaína e PAI-1 não tiveram efeitos nos parâmetros de integridade da membrana plasmática, no potencial de membrana mitocondrial e nos defeitos espermáticos. Espermatozoides criopreservados na presença de antipaína e PAI-1 (70 e 140ƞg) preservaram a integridade acrossomal, assim como foram capazes de completar a reação acrossômica in vitro. Em conclusão, os inibidores de serina-proteases, antipaína e PAI-1 (70 e 140ƞg) são capazes de preservar a integridade acrossomal de espermatozoides criopreservados de bovinos.(AU)